Luxembourg

The main languages spoken in Luxembourg are:
Luxembourgish - the official administrative, judicial, and national language, spoken by ~48.9% of the population; a Germanic language unique to the Grand Duchy.
French - also official, used for administrative, judicial, and legislative purposes, spoken by ~14.9%.
German - also official for administrative and judicial purposes, spoken by ~2.9%.
Portuguese is spoken by ~15.4%, reflecting a sizable Portuguese immigrant community.
Luxembourgish, French, and German are all official languages of Luxembourg, making it a trilingual country.

Geography

Location: Western Europe, between France and Germany, bordered also by Belgium; landlocked

Map references: Europe

Area:
total: 2,586-2,595 sq km

Land boundaries:
border countries: Belgium, France, Germany

People

Population: 671,254-692,402 (2024-2026 est.); one of the least populated countries in Europe, but with the highest population growth rate; foreign nationals account for almost half the population

Age structure:
0-14 years: 16.7-16.73%
15-64 years: 67.1%
65 years and over: 15.37-16.1%

Median age: 40.1 years (2025 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 82.98-83.2 years
male: 80.52 years
female: 85.58 years (2022 est.)

Nationality:
noun/adjective: Luxembourger(s)

Ethnic groups: Luxembourger 51.1-52.9%, Portuguese 14.5-15.7%, French 7.5-7.6%, Italian 3.6-3.7%, Belgian 3.0-3.3%, German 2.0-2.1% (2019-2022 est.)

Religions: Christian (predominantly Roman Catholic) 70.4-70.6%, Muslim 2.3%, unaffiliated/none 26.7-26.8% (2020 est.)

Languages: Luxembourgish (official) 48.9%, Portuguese 15.4%, French (official) 14.9%, Italian 3.6%, English 3.6%, German (official) 2.9%, other 10.8% (2021 est.)

Population distribution: urban population 92.1% of total (2023)

Government

Country name:
conventional long form: Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
conventional short form: Luxembourg

Data code: LU

Government type: parliamentary constitutional monarchy (Grand Duchy); the world's only remaining sovereign grand duchy

National capital: Luxembourg City; one of the three official seats of the European institutions, alongside Brussels and Strasbourg

Executive branch:
chief of state: Grand Duke Guillaume V
head of government: Prime Minister (head of government exercises executive power)

Economy

Economy - overview: small, stable, high-income economy with historically solid growth, low inflation, and low unemployment; among the wealthiest countries in the world by GDP per capita; anchored in financial services (Europe's largest fund domiciliation center), steel, logistics, and a growing technology sector; roughly half the workforce commutes in daily from Belgium, France, and Germany; made all public transport free in 2020

GDP (purchasing power parity): $106.505 billion (2025f)

GDP - real growth rate: 2.7% (2025f)

GDP - per capita: $154,915 PPP (2025f) - among the highest in the world

Inflation rate: 2.6% (2025f)

Unemployment rate: 6% (2024)

Population below poverty line: 21.4% at risk of poverty or social exclusion (2023)

Currency: Euro (EUR)

Communications

Space: Luxembourg Space Agency established in 2018; hosts some of the world's largest commercial satellite companies; ESA member since 2005; launched the Luxembourg Earth Observation System (LUXEOSys) satellite in 2025 as part of a national remote-sensing program (2025)